长安大学测量学双语PPT 第2章.pptVIP

Chap.2 Leveling Surveying Highway School Chang’an University 第二章 Level surveying Content：Leveling theory, the structure and use of the Levels, methods of Leveling and data processing ,instrument inspection and calibration. Objective：Understanding leveling principle, instruments and tools, grasps the ground point elevation surveying. Keys：Leveling principles, methods, data calculation. Determination of ground point elevation §2-1. Level surveying principle Leveling is the procedure to determining elevation differences between two points. §2-1. Level surveying principle seeing the figure above， HA is given，HB？ （1）Difference of height： The Rod reading at A point is a（Backsight reading）， The Rod reading at B point is b,so HB=HA+ hAB =HA+(a-b) When to calculate hAB, pay attention to the subscription: hAB represent the difference of height from point A to point B. §2-1. Level surveying principle §2-1. Level surveying principle （2）The height of sight: The elevation of B can also be caculated by Level sight elevation,so Hi=HA+a Then HB =(HA+a)-b=Hi-b §2-1. Level surveying principle e.g.2：图2.3中已知A点高程HA=423.518m，要测出相邻1、2、3点的高程。先测得A点后视读数a=1.563m，接着在各待定点上立尺，分别测得读数b1=0.953m，b2=1.152，b3=1.328m。 解：先计算出视线高程 Hi=HA+a=423.518＋1.563＝425.081m 各待定点高程分别为： H1＝Hi－b1＝425.081－0.953＝424.128m H2＝Hi－b2＝425.081－1.152＝23.929m H3＝Hi－b3＝425.081－1.328＝23.753m Principles of both are same, the calculating sequence is different. When instrument is fixed only once to get several points, the lattar is better than the former. § 2-2. The Level instruments and tools 水准仪（Level）;水准尺（the Leveling rod）; 尺垫（turning point plate） 水准仪的分类（Level Classification） By its accuracy ： Precision level DS05、DS1; Ordinary level DS3、DS10 By structure : Slightly leaning type level; automatic level、electronic level。 At present, th