劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型试卷.ppt

YOU ARE WELCOME ! International Economics 国际经济学 主讲：余道先 ydxdhy@ Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model 劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型 Preview Introduction The Concept of Comparative Advantage（比较优势） A One-Factor Economy（单一要素经济） Trade in a One-Factor World（单一要素世界的贸易） Comparative Advantage with Many Goods（多种产品的比较优势） Adding Transport Costs and Nontraded Goods（引入运输成本和非贸易品） Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary Introduction Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons: They are different from each other in terms of climate, land, capital, labor, and technology. They try to achieve scale economies （规模经济）in production. The Ricardian model is based on technological differences across countries. These technological differences are reflected in differences in the productivity of labor. The Concept of Comparative Advantage The Ricardian model uses the concepts of opportunity cost and comparative advantage. The Concept of Comparative Advantage For example，On Valentine’s Day the U.S. demand for roses is about 10 million roses. Growing roses in the U.S. in the winter is difficult. Heated greenhouses should be used. The costs for energy, capital, and labor are substantial. Resources for the production of roses could be used to produce other goods, say computers. The Concept of Comparative Advantage Opportunity Cost（机会成本） The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of roses. Comparative Advantage（比较优势） A country has a comparative advantage in producing a goods if the opportunity cost of producing that goods in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 如果一个国家在本国生产某种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在该种产品的生产上具有比较优势。 The Concept of Comparative Advantage Suppose that in the U.S. 10 million roses can be produced with the same resources as 100,000 computers. Supp