青少年与家庭.pptVIP

青少年与家庭 Introduction The topic “Family influences on adolescent development” often has images of emotional turmoil, conflict, and rebellion by the young in reference to their parents. Parent–adolescent turmoil was supposed to be a normal occurrence triggered, in part, by raging hormones, dramatic physiological changes, reemerging sexual impulses, and rapidly changing social expectations for the young. Throughout much of the past century, adolescence was thought to be a developmental stage characterized by “storm and stress,” declining family in?uences, and a growing separation from parents (Arnett, 1999; Blos, 1979; Davis, 1960; Freud, 1969; Hall, 1904). In marked contrast, much less attention was focused, until recent decades, on the development of adaptive qualities, such as how social competence is fostered in adolescents through their socialization experiences within families (Peterson Leigh, 1990;Peterson Bush, 2003). Socialization in Families Socialization is a complex, multidirectional process involving the family, as perhaps the most important source of in?uence, but also involving all the major institutions and social settings in which individuals (i.e., adolescents) have direct or indirect experiences (e.g., religious institutions, work settings, schools, the mass media, political and governmental institutions, as well as neighborhoods and communities).社会化的过程需要各个社会系统的支持来完成 A pattern of dynamic interaction exists between developing adolescents and their social environments, which includes in?uential factors from different levels of ecological analysis at the biological, physical, psychological, and sociocultural levels (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1994; Lerner, 2002). Traditional conceptions of socialization within the family relationship are dominated by the idea that the young must be in?uenced by parents and other family members to internalize and become responsive to societal expectations (Inkeles,1968; Parsons Bales, 1955).传统观点认为青少年要回应社会期望 Although this