心理学_绪论教材.ppt

信息加工认知心理学 采用先进的脑成像技术研究各种心理现象的脑机制。 Perspective Focus of Study Primary Research Topics Psychodynamic Unconscious drives Behavior as overt expression of unconscious motives Behaviorist Specific overt responses Behavior and its stimulus causes and consequences Humanistic Human experience and potentials Life patterns, values, Goals Cognitive Mental Processes; Language Inferred mental processes through behavioral indicators Biological Brain and nervous processes Biochemical basis of behavior and metal processes Functionalism The function of mind Make the mind adapt to the world structuralism The content of the mind What is the mind constituted of Your Questions ? If children view a lot of violence on television , then they will engage in more aggressive acts toward their peers Scientific theories undergo rigorous testing. Their results must be replicated by independent investigators before the theories are recognized as proven The challenge to objectivity Observer bias (personal motives and expectation) Is the glass half empty or half full ? The Remedy Variable（变量） Do people most often perform best at those times of the day they say they prefer? Yes! (Yoon et al., 1999) Question Hypothesis Theory（理论）: Performance is worse at the “wrong” time of the day because individuals suffer from a general decrease in the level of physiological arousal (生理唤醒) or alertness（警觉） Hypothesis（假设）: If you can do something to increase alertness at the wrong time of day, you should be able to lessen（减少） or eliminate（消除） performance problems Question Hypothesis Results Testing Morningness-Eveningness Questionaire （问卷） (Horne Ostberg, 1976) Memory-test Number Correct Time of test Time of test Number Correct Decaffeinated coffee（脱咖啡因） Coffee with caffeine（咖啡因） Independent variable（自变量） Dependent variable（因变量） Ryan et al., 2002 Experimental methods: independent variable (cause 原因)-dependent variable (effect 结果) The challenge（挑战） to objectivity（客观） The Remedy control procedu