第三章 Nanoparticle-Based biobarcode amplification assay (BCA) for sensitive and early detection of human i.pdf

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE Nanoparticle-Based Biobarcode Amplification Assay (BCA) for Sensitive and Early Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 Capsid (p24) Antigen Shixing Tang, MD, PhD,* Jiangqin Zhao, MD, PhD,* James J. Storhoff, PhD,† Philip J. Norris, MD,‡ Richard F. Little, MD,§ Robert Yarchoan, MD,§ Susan L. Stramer, PhD, k Tim Patno, MS,† Marc Domanus, MS,† Arindam Dhar, MD, PhD,*¶ Chad A. Mirkin, PhD,# and Indira K. Hewlett, PhD* IV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA, capsid protein (p24 antigen), and Summary: Nanotechnology-based techniques are being widely Hanti-HIV antibodies are the major viral markers that have evaluated in medical testing and could provide a new generation of been used for detecting HIV-1 infection, screening blood diagnostic assays due to their high degrees of sensitivity, high speci- donors, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating HIV-1 ficity, multiplexing capabilities, and ability to operate without enzymes. therapy.1,2 With the advent of sophisticated molecular bio- In this article, we have modified a nanoparticle-based biobarcode logical techniques, HIV-1 nucleic acid amplification testing amplification (BCA) assay for early and sensitive detection of HIV-1 (NAT) assays have been widely used since 1999 and, since the capsid (p24) antigen by using antip24 antibody-coated microplates to time of NAT assay licensure in 2003, have replaced p24 anti- capture viral antigen (p24) and streptavidin-coated nanoparticle- gen assay in blood-donor screening in the United States, based biobarcode DNAs for signal amplification, fol