统计学ppt.pdf

Lecture 2: Descriptive Statistics* 第二讲：描述性统计 * Most plots in Lecture 2 are produced in R version 2.11.1. Illustration • Read this figure, and what do you get? 2 Quotes • A picture is worth a thousand words. 一图胜千言。 • “There is no single statistical tool that is as powerful as a well-chosen graph.” – Chambers et al. (1983) • abstract thinking iconic thinking 抽象思维 形象思维 Visualization可视化！！ 3 Outline • Basics – Type of Variables/Data – Levels of Measurement • Describing Univariate Data – Graphical – Numerical • Describing Bivariate Data – Graphical – Numerical 4 Outline • Basics – Type of Variables/Data – Levels of Measurement • Describing Univariate Data – Graphical – Numerical • Describing Bivariate Data – Graphical – Numerical 5 Type of Variables/Data • E.g., – Type A: gender, brand of automobile, province of birth – Type B: number of children in a family, number of courses in a semester, closing price of a stock, GPA of a student • Difference between Type A and B? 6 Type of Variables/Data Type of variables Qualitative/ Quantitative: numerical Categorical an attribute Discrete Continuous Interes