2017年职称语考试卫生类重点语法资料.docVIP

语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系.语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态.如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态. 　　(一)被动语态的概念： 　　不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态.强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略). 　　(二)被动语态的构成方式： 　　be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示. 　　(三)被动语态的基本用法： 　　(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题. 　　主动变化被动时双宾语的变化.看下列例句. 　　My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. 　　An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday. 　　I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday. 　　主动变被动时，宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to. 　　The boss made him work all day long. 　　He was made to work all day long(by the boss) 　　短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉尾巴. 　　The children were taken good care of (by her). 　　Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. 　　情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态， 只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词. 　　当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：(A)谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补.(B)用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示.如： 　　People say he is a smart boy. 　　It is said that he is a smart boy. 　　He is said to be a smart boy. 　　People know paper was made in China first. 　　It is known that paper was made in China first. 　　Paper was known to be made in China first. 　　类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that … 　　所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中. 　　表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等. 　　表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等. 　　表示希望、意图的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等. 　　宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态. 　　宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态. 　　有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等. 　　(3)主动形式表被动意义. 　　当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示开始、结束、关、停、转、启动等意义时. 　　This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗. 　　These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销. 　　My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅. 　　The door wont lock.门锁不上. 　The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香. 　　当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示发生、关闭、制定等意思时. 　　The plan worked out succe