垂体分泌的激素.ppt

* Hormonal stimulation of glucocorticoidsHPA axis (hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal axis) With stress, hypothalamus sends CRH to anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) Pituitary secretes ACTH ACTH goes to adrenal cortex where stimulates glucocorticoid secretion Sympathetic nervous system can also stimulate it Adrenal cortex also secretes DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) Converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone and estrogen (also steroid hormones) Unclear function in relation to stress * * * 外界因子作用　 高碘　 遗传与免疫 过氧化物酶、去卤化酶的缺陷及碘酪氨酸偶联缺陷等。 过氧化物酶的功能过多的被占用，影响酪氨 酸氧化，因而碘的有机化过程受阻，甲状腺代偿性肿大。 主要是抑制碘的吸收、转运和浓缩和活化各个过程。 甲状腺素分泌的影响因素 * Cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid (Glucocorticoid receptors are found in the cells of most vertebrate tissues)  It is essential for life Helps the body deal with stressful situations within minutes Physical: trauma, surgery, exercise Psychological: anxiety, depression, crowding Physiological: fasting, hypoglycemia, fever, infection Regulates or supports a variety of important cardiovascular, metabolic, immunologic, and homeostatic functions including water balance People with adrenal insufficiency: these stresses can cause hypotension, shock and death: must give glucocorticoids, eg for surgery or if have infection, etc. * Cortisol, continued Keeps blood glucose levels high enough to support brain’s activity Forces other body cells to switch to fats and amino acids as energy sources Catabolic: break down protein Redirects circulating lymphocytes to lymphoid and peripheral tissues where pathogens usually are In large quantities, depresses immune and inflammatory response Used therapeutically Responsible for some of its side effects * Histology, Endocrine System * a. AA→ (RER)→ thyroglobulin → (G, secreting granules) → colloid. b. Iodide → (iodide pump) → iodide oxidation in cytoplasm → colloid → bound to tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin → iodated thyroglobulin. c. iodated thyroglobulin → (TSH, microvilli) → phagosomes