TEM英文教学6.ppt

4.3.1. Imaging in the TEM ;4.3.1.1. WHAT IS CONTRAST? ;We can define contrast (C) quantitatively in terms of the difference in intensity (ΔI) between two adjacent areas:;Figure 4.3.1.1. Schematic intensity profiles across an image showing (A) different intensity levels (I1 and I2) and the difference (ΔI) between them, which defines the contrast. Generally, in a TEM, if the overall intensity is increased (B) the contrast decreases. ;So unless the contrast from your specimen exceeds 5-10% you wont see anything on the screen or on the photograph. ;4.3.1.2. PRINCIPLES OF IMAGE CONTRAST ;4.3.1.2.A. Images and Diffraction Patterns ;Therefore, a fundamental principle of imaging in the TEM is: first view the DP, since this pattern tells you how your specimen is scattering. ;The relationship between the image and the DP is most critical for crystalline specimens showing diffraction contrast. ;4.3.1.2.B. Use of the Objective Aperture or the STEM Detector: BF and DF Images ;In order to translate the electron scatter into interpretable amplitude contrast we select either the direct beam or some of the diffracted beams in the SAD pattern to form BF and DF images, respectively. ;Figure 4.3.1.2. The relationship between the objective aperture and the diffraction pattern for forming (A) BF and (B) DF images. ;In a STEM we select the direct or scattered beams in an equivalent way but use detectors rather than apertures. ;Figure 4.3.1.3. Comparison of the use of an objective aperture in TEM to select (A) the direct or (B) the scattered electrons forming BF and DF images, respectively. In STEM we use (C) an on-axis detector or (D) an annular detector to perform equivalent operations. ;So, in summary, we can create BF or DF images with the direct beam or scattered beams, respectively. ;4.3.1.3. MASS-THICKNESS CONTRAST ;Mass-thickness contrast is most important if you are looking at noncrystalline materials such as polymers and it is the critical contrast mechanism for biological scie