9国际人权法教程.ppt

Chapter Nine: The Human Rights in International Law 1.The Human Rights 2. International Protection of Human Rights 3. The Problems Exist in International Protection of Human Rights 4. The Attitude of China on International Protection of Human Rights 1.The Human Rights 1.1 What is human rights? The Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides, that everyone has the right to: (1) life, liberty and security of person; (2) recognition as a person before the law; (3) equality before the law; (4) specified judicial safeguards in criminal trials such as fair and public hearing, presumption of innocence, and prohibition of retroactive punishment; (5) freedom of movement within the country and the right to leave it; (6) asylum; (7) nationality; (8) the right of property; (9) freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion and expression, peaceful assembly and association; (10) social security; (11 ) work under just and favorable conditions and the right to join trade unions for the protection of his interests; (12) an adequate standard of living and education; ( 13 ) and the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits 一、人权 1、概念： 人权是指人所享有的或应享有的权利。 关于人权的具体范围，东方和西方学者不同 西方学者：人权指个人的权利，即公民和政治权利。 东方学者：人权既包括个人权利也包括集体人权；个人的权力既有公民和政治权利，又有经济、社会和文化权利。 一般认为，公民权利和政治权利，是第一代人权，是资产阶级革命的成果；经济、社会、文化权利，是第二代人权，是马克思主义、社会主义者的贡献；人民自决权等集体人权，是第三代人权，是第三世界国家、社会主义国家的贡献。 总之，人权概念和理论在以后的二百多年间，经历了从政治、道德概念到法律意识、法律实践， 从国内法到国际法的演变过程。 二、国际人权法 1、概念:国际人权法是指国家之间关于尊重保护人权以及防治惩治侵害人权行为的原则、规则和制度。 2、历史发展 国内法;1776年《独立宣言〉1789年法国《人权与公民权宣言〉1791年宪法把1789年人权宣言作为序言固定下来，1798年宪法中又加以修改和补充。 国际法：国际联盟：1926《禁奴公约》；1930《禁止强迫劳动公约》 联合国：1945《联合国宪章》 1948《世界人权宣言》 1966《经济、社会、文化权利国际盟约》 《公民及政治权利盟约》 独立宣言 独立宣言在此通过 Thomas Jefferson was selected to draft a Declaration of Independence. It was in this de