CarbonatesOverview概要1.ppt

Precipitated Sediments Sedimentary Rocks An Epitaph to Limestones Dolomites Lecture Series Overview sediment production types of sediment and sedimentary rocks sediment transport and deposition depositional systems stratigraphic architecture and basins chrono-, bio-, chemo-, and sequence stratigraphy Earth history Sedimentary rocks are the product of the creation, transport, deposition, and diagenesis of detritus and solutes derived from pre-existing rocks. Sedimentary rocks are the product of the creation, transport, deposition, and diagenesis of detritus and solutes derived from pre-existing rocks. Sedimentary Rocks Lecture Outline How photosynthesis, warm temperatures low pressures in shallow water control carbonate distribution How carbonate sediment types is tied to depositional setting How most mud lime mud has a bio-physico-chemical origin Origins of bio-physico-chemical grains:- ooids, intraclasts, pellets, pisoids Separation of bioclastic grains:- foram’s, brach’s, bryozoan, echinoids, red calc’ algae, corals, green calc’ algae, and molluscs by mineralogy fabric How CCD controls deepwater carbonate ooze distribution How Folk Dunham’s classifications are used for carbonate sediments How most diagenesis, dolomitization, cementation of carbonates takes place in near surface trace elements are used in this determination How Stylolites develop through burial solution/compaction Limestones Form - Where? Shallow Marine –Late Proterozoic to Modern Deep Marine – Rare in Ancient commoner in Modern Cave Travertine and Spring Tufa – both Ancient Modern Lakes – Ancient to Modern CO2 - Temperature Pressure Effect! High temperatures, low pressure breaking waves favor carbonate precipitation CO2 + 3H2O = HCO3-1 + H3O+1 + H2O = CO3-2 + 2H3O+1 Carbon dioxide solubility decreases in shallow water and with rising in temperature At lower pressure CO2 is released at higher pressure dissolves HCO3-1 and CO3-2 are less stable at lower pressure but more stable