Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics概要1.pptVIP

The ‘Divine’ origin “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (Gospel of John 1: 1)《约翰福音》 “And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do; and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.” (Genesis, 11: 6) [耶和华说：“看呢，他们成为一样的人民，都是一样的语言，如今既做起这些事来，以后他们所要做的事就没有不成就的了。”（《创世纪》）] Babel [‘beib?l] 【圣经】巴别(巴比伦的示拿的古城），诺亚的子孙拟在此建一座通天塔，上帝怒其狂妄，乃乱其语言，使建塔人突操不同的语言而四散，塔因此终未建成)[《创世记》11∶1～9] ●Well-known theories about the origin of language ★ The bow-wow theory（汪汪理论） People imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment. ★ The pooh-pooh theory（噗噗理论） Our primitive ancestors uttered instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. ★ The yo-he-ho theory（哟—嗬---哟理论） As primitive people worked together, they produced rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. Functions of language ● Functions of language is discussed in an abstract sense, refers to some broad classification of the basic functions of language. Jakobson’s theory ● Language is above all, as any semiotic system, for communication. ● In his Linguistics and Poetics (1960), Jakobson defined the six primary factors of any speech event: SPEAKER, ADDRESSEE, CONTEXT, MESSAGE, CODE, CONTACT. ● Jakobson’s well-known framework of language functions: ★REFERENTIAL (to convey message and information)（所指功能）, ★ POETIC (to indulge in language for its own sake)（诗学功能）, tongue twister绕口令 ★ EMOTIVE (to express attitude, feelings and emotions)（感情功能）, ★ CONATIVE (to persuade and influence others through commands)（意动功能）, ★ PHATIC (to establish communion with others)（交感功能）, ★ METALINGUAL (to clear up intentions, words and meanings)（元语言功能） Halliday’s theory ● A theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has three functions (1994) : ★ IDEATIONAL function (constructs a model of experience and constructs logical re