Chapter 6 pragmatics 语言学整理的资料概要1.docVIP

Chapter 6 pragmatics: 自测：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. (T/F) 术语：pragmatics语用学 解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是固有的意义。 术语：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.? ? 语用学是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。 解释： ?Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a listener/reader. Analysis of intentional meaning necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context. Intended meaning may or may not be explicitly expressed. Pragmatic analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what is communicated.语用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。 并且根据语境分析要表达的意义。语用学分析还探索着读者或听者对交流意义的推断。 2. Context: 自测：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered. ? ?A. reference? ?? ???B. speech act? ?? ?C. practical usage? ?? ??D. context 术语：Context 语境 术语：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境是语用学研究的一个基本概念。一般认为语境包括说话者和听话者双方所共有的知识。 解释： Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.? 一般认为语境包括说话者和听话者双方所共有的知识：双方在他们所使用的语言方面的知识；双方对世界的认识，包括对世界总的认识和对正的进行的语言交际所处的环境的具体认识。? ? ? utterance meaning: 自测：The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. （T/F） 术语：utterance meaning 话语意义 解释：一个句子的话语意义是具体的、依赖于语境的。 术语：The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is reali