Chapter 6 Semantics概要1.pptVIP

Chapter 6 Semantics -- Lily Open Discussion What is the meaning of meaning? What is meaning? Where is meaning? One difficulty in the study of meaning: The word “meaning” itself has different meanings. 某老外苦学汉语十年，到中国参加汉语考试，试题如下：? 请解释下文中每个“意思”的意思。 阿呆给领导送红包时，两人的对话颇有意思。 领导：“你这是什么意思？” 阿呆：“没什么意思，意思意思。” 领导：“你这就不够意思了。” 阿呆：“小意思，小意思。” 领导：“你这人真有意思。” 阿呆：“其实也没有别的意思。” 领导：“那我就不好意思了。” 阿呆：“是我不好意思。” 老外泪流满面，交白卷回国了. What does “mean” mean in each sentence? Non-linguistic meanings: (1) Smoke means fire. (2) Red light means stopping. (3) A handshake and an embrace mean the same thing. (4) What did she mean be that wink? Linguistic meanings: (5) What does democracy mean? (6) What does “Publish or Perish” mean? (7) –Are you hungry? – Do you mean to treat me to dinner now? (8) She means well although her remarks are too harsh to accept. Chapter 6 Semantics 6.1 The study of meaning 6.2 Reference and sense 6.3 Classification of lexical meanings 6.4 Lexical sense relations 6.5 Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis 6.6 Words and concepts 6.7 Semantic relations of sentences 6.8 Metaphors 6.9 Metonymy 6.1 Defining Semantics Semantics is the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. When linguists analyze meanings in language, they may, for convenience, look at meanings of different ranks of language and focus on word (lexical) or sentence meaning. 6.2 Reference and Sense Two relationships Two perspectives 6.2.1 Reference Reference refers to the relationship between words and objects in the external world. Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world. The referential theory: meaning is reference. Proper nouns, Common nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs 6.2.1 Reference (1) Dragon, phoenix, unicorn, mermaid… (2) But, and, of, however, the… (3) A round triangle There is not always a one-to-one correspondence between