Chapter4—Syntax(第四章语法学课件)概要1.pptVIP

Chapter 4 （第四章） syntax（语法学） Phonetically described voiced voiceless diphthong Fricative stop Dental velar Morphologically described The luck y boy s Functional lexical lexical derivational inflectional In a limited way ﹡boys the lucky ﹡ lucky boys the ASK: With these words, how many grammatical sentences can we construct? e.g. the, the, student, hates, film, new, disgusting. the people, frightened, in the room, the boy SYNTAX SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. Syntactic units Hierarchical system: (morpheme-)word- phrase--clause—sentence e.g. I met Tom. a (handsome American young) man a (handsome American young) man who always spoke a very heavy dialect. Phrase PHRASE is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses. the three tallest girls (nominal phrase) has been doing (verbal phrase) extremely difficult (adjectival phrase) to the door (prepositional phrase) very fast (adverbial phrase) CLAUSE A constituent with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence, is a CLAUSE. (1) I want to know why. (2) Having an influential father is often advantageous. (3) Do you know where I come from? finite and non-finite clause Sentence a. Definition: Semantically, the minimal form that expresses a complete thought Formally, not included in any larger linguistic form (Bloomfield ) 布龙菲尔德 布龙菲尔德（Leonard Bloomfield 1887－1949）美国语言学家。生于芝加哥。1906年毕业于哈佛学院。他不满足已取得的成绩，比以前更加刻苦地学习，计划向更高的目标攀登。终于在1909年在芝加哥大学获得博士学位，圆了他的博士梦。1909－1913年，先后在辛辛那提大学和伊利诺大学教德语。这期间，他深感自己的德语水平有限，满足不了教学与研究的需要，期待着有朝一日到德国进修