charpter1 introduction概要1.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: lge is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. He came in and sat down. He sat down and came in. He sat down after he came in. The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. 3.2 Duality lower level ---- sounds (meaningless) higher level---- meaning The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization: Primary units ‘words’ (meaningful) consist of secondary units ‘sounds’ (meaningless). Hierarchy of language: stratification as ‘the infinite use of finite means’. Sounds syllables morphemes words phrases clauses sentences/utterances texts/discourses 3.3 Creativity (productivity) Lge is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings. Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before. Animals communicate in some way, but the information imparted is severely limited and confined to a small set of messages. Because of duality the human speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The recursive nature of lge provides a potential to create an infinite number of sentences. For instance: He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who ... 3.4 Displacement lge can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. Human lges enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. Confucius, or the North Pole Animal communication is normally under “immed