lecture 3 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(抽象与具象)概要1.pptVIP

汉英语言类型对比与翻译 Lecture Three 汉英语的抽象与具象表达法 I. Case Study 将下列英语译成汉语，并观察分析英语抽象名词的使用。 1. Our very anxiety is born of our knowledge of what is now possible for each other and all. 【原译】我们之所以焦虑不安是因为我们知道对每一个人，对所有人可能发生什么事。 【试译】我们焦虑不安，是因为预感到有事发生。 2. He was not to appeal for the end of poverty and ignorance and disease; he called for the destruction of the system which was responsible for these evils. 【原译】他并不满足于呼吁消除贫穷、愚昧和疾病，他号召摧毁那个造成这一切罪恶的制度。 【试译】他不是呼吁消除贫穷、愚昧和疾病，而是号召破除滋生罪恶的那个制度。 I. Case Study 3. It is a revealing fact about our language and our culture that someone dedicated to pursuit of knowledge is compared to such a freak. 【原译】把专心追求知识的人比做这样一种畸形人，这一事实突出地反映了我们的语言和文化现状。 【试译】我们的语言和文化现实表明，人们总把潜心治学者比作诸如此类的怪物。 【试译】我们的语言和文化有一个明显事实，即人们总把潜心治学者比作诸如此类的怪物。 【讨论】从以上例句可见，英语倾向于抽象化表达，即习惯用抽象名词表达原来可用动词或形容词表达的概念。表达法上有两个显著特征：（1）抽象名词一般是由动词、形容词派生或转类生成；（2）抽象表达式取名词短语结构，常见形式是“抽象名词 + of + 其它名词”和“代词所有格+抽象名词”。与之对应的汉语则多采用较为具体的动词或形容词。 II. Main Concepts Abstraction and Concretion Abstract?and?concrete?are classifications that denote whether a term describes an object with a physical?referent?or one with no physical referents. They are most commonly used in?philosophy?and?semantics. An?abstract object?is an?object?which does not exist at any particular time or place, but rather exists as a?type?of thing,?i.e., an?idea, or abstraction (抽象概念). The type–token distinction?is a distinction that separates a descriptive?concept?(描述性或具象概念) from?objects?that instantiate the concept, the latter of which are seen as particular?instances?of it. For example, the sentence “the bicycle is in the garage” deploys bicycle as a token, while the sentence the bicycle is becoming more popular deploys bicycle as a type. II. Main Concepts Abstraction and Concretion Clarity requires us to distinguish between abstract “types” and the concrete “tokens” or things that embody or exemplify types. For example, when we hear that two people “have the same car”, we may conclude that