专八minilecture20052013年真题概要1.doc

2004 Conversation?Skills People?who?usually?make?us?feel?comfortable?in?conversations?are?good?talkers.?And?they?have?something?in?common,?i.e.?skills?to?put?people?at?ease. Skill?to?ask?question? ??---?be?aware?of?the?human?nature:?readiness?to?answer?other’s?questions?regardless?of?(1) shyness????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??---?start?a?conversation?with?some?personal?but?unharmful questions? e.g. questions about?one’s??(2)first?job????????????????????????????? questions?about?one’s?activities?in?the?(3)morning?????????????? ---?be?able?to?spot?signals?for?further?talk? 2. Skill?to?(4)listenfor?answers???????????????????????????????????????? ---Don’t?shift?from?subject?to?subject? ????—?sticking?to?the?same?subject:?signs?of?(5)interest in conversation? ??---?Listen?to?(6)tones of?voice???????????????????????????????????? ?????—?If?people?sound?unenthusiastic,?then?change?subject.??? ---?Use?eyes?and?ears? ?????—?steady?your?gaze?while?listening? 3.?Skill?to?laugh???? Effects?of?laughter:? ?—?ease?people’s?(7)discomfort??????????????????????????????????????? —?help?start?(8)conversation????????????????????????????????????????? 4.?Skill?to?part? ?Importance:?open?up?possibilities?for?future?friendship?or contact??? ?Ways:? —?men:?a?smile,?a?(9)good firm handshake???????????????????????????????????????? —?women:?same?as?(10)men now?????????????????????????????????????? —?how?to?express?pleasure?in?meeting?someone. Writing a Research Paper 2005 I. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) basic steps: e.g. —choosing a topic —asking questions —identifying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) raw material 1. research papers: printed sources 2. ordinary essay: ideas in ones (3) head II. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics: 1. survey-type paper: —to gather (4) facts and opinions —to quote —to (5) summarize