PartIofFundamentalMeasurementsUncertaintiesandError详解.pptVIP

Part I of Fundamental Measurements: Uncertainties and Error Propagation /~uphysics/uncertainties/Uncertaintiespart2.htmlVern Lindberg, Copyright July 1, 2000 Contents-1 of Uncertainties and Error Propagation 1. Systematic vs Random Errors (系統誤差和隨機誤差) 2. Determining Random Errors Instrument Limit of Error, least count (儀器的誤差極限, 最小測量位數) Estimation (估計值) Average Deviation (平均偏差) Standard deviation (標準偏差) Conflicts Standard Error in the Mean (平均標準誤差) 3. What does uncertainty tell me? Range of possible values 4. Relative and Absolute error (相對誤差和絕對誤差) Contents-2 of Uncertainties and Error Propagation 5. Propagation of errors (誤差傳遞) add/subtract (加/減) multiply/divide (乘/除) powers (乘冪) mixtures of +-*/ (加減乘除的混合計算) other functions 6. Rounding answers properly (四捨五入) 7. Significant figures (有效位數) 8. Problems to try 9. Glossary of terms (all terms that are bold face and underlined) Simple Content 1. Systematic and random errors. 2. Determining random errors. 3. What is the range of possible values? 4. Relative and Absolute Errors 5. Propagation of Errors, Basic Rules 1. Systematic Random Errors No measurement made is ever exact. The accuracy (correctness) and precision (number of significant figures) of a measurement are always limited: by the degree of refinement of the apparatus used, by the skill of the observer, and by the basic physics in the experiment. In doing experiments we are trying to establish the best values for certain quantities, or to validate a theory. We must also give a range of possible true values based on our limited number of measurements. Why should repeated measurements of a single quantity give different values? Mistakes on the part of the experimenter are possible, but we do not include these in our discussion. A careful researcher should not make mistakes! (Or at least she or he should recognize them and correct the mistakes.) Accuracy (correctness) Precision (number of significant figures) Uncertainty, error, or