交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献概要1.docVIP

土木工程学院交通工程专业 中英文翻译 Road Design 专 业： 交 通 工 程 英文原文 The Basics of a Good Road We have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service. If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are: （1）Get water away from the road （2）Build on a firm foundation （3）Use the best materials （4）Compact all layers properly （5）Design for traffic loads and volumes （6）Design for maintenance （7）Pave only when ready （8）Build from the bottom up （9）Protect your investment （10） Keep good records 1．Get water away from the road We can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any layer of a road’sstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure. In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems. To prevent these problems remember that water: ? flows downhill ? needs to flow someplace ? is a problem if it is not flowing Effective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems. Divert — Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road. Drain — Creating a crown in the road so it is