六種構造條例解說.pptVIP

The Origins of Writing 1 ? Greek Cadmus ? Chinese 1. Cang Jie ( 倉頡 ) 2. markings on turtle shell ? Babylonian god Nebo The Origins of Writing 2 ? Egyptian god Thoth ? Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiba Alphabet existed before humans created ? Hindu tradition goddess Saraswati invented it Altamira, SpainCave Painting Site David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196. Types of Writing Systems ? Logographic ? Syllabary ? Alphabetic ? Mixed systems Types and Evolution of Writing Pictogram Picture of the original object Ideogram Represents ideas / concepts Logogram Represents words / morphemes Syllabary Represents syllables Consonantal Represents consonants Alphabet Full Alphabet Represents phonemes Native American Pictograms Syllabary—Japanese Katakana Greek Alphabet Α α Alpha Β β Beta Γ γ Gamma Δ δ Delta Ε ε Epsilon Ζ ζ Zeta Η η Eta Θ θ Theta Arabic Consonantal Alphabet ?? ’alif ?? bā’ ?? tā’ ?? ?ā’ ?? ?īm ?? ?ā’ ? ?ā’ ?? dāl ?? ?āl ?? rā’ ?? zāy ? sīn ? ?īn ? ?ād ?? ?ād ?? ?ā’ ?? ?ā’ ?? ‘ayn ?? ?ayn ?? fā’ ?? qāf ?? kāf ?? lām ?? mīm ?? nūn ?? hā’ ?? wāw ??/? yā’ 六 書 象形 形聲 指事 會意 轉注 假借 Modern Logograms 1 2 3 4 5 # $ % ￥ = × ÷ + √ ∞ ∴ ≠ ≦ π ° ♀ ♂ H O Fe Au Ag Advantages / Disadvantages of Each Type of System ? Logography Icons ? Syllabary ? Alphabet Advantages / Disadvantages of Logographs – Lots of ROTE memorization (for pronunciation) + Usable across dialects + Can be quite stable over time + Quick recognition Advantages / Disadvantages of a Syllabary – Not practical for language with many different kinds of syllables + Practical for language with limited number of syllables: Japanese, etc. Advantages / Disadvantages of an Alphabet – Consonantal Alphabets lead to ambiguity in reading and writing – Cou