地图学2（国外英文资料）.docVIP

地图学2 Cartography When the ocean is stationary, the free surface and the surface of each point on the direction of gravity (plumb line) into the orthogonal surface called geoid. Geoid: assuming that the sea is stationary, the sea surface extends indefinitely through the sphere surrounding the earth. In surveying and mapping, the spheroid is replaced by the ellipsoid of rotation, which is usually called the earth ellipsoid, or ellipsoid Astronomical longitude: two days in meridian plane observation point and Greenwich zenith angle between the meridian plane. The earth is defined as the two sides between the prime meridian and observation point angle. Astronomical latitude on earth is defined as the angle between the axis and the equatorial plane. Longitude L: refers to the reference ellipsoid on both sides of a point of the land surface and the prime meridian at the corner. East longitude is positive, west longitude is negative. Geodetic latitude J: the angle between the vertical line (normal) of a point on the ellipsoid and the plane of the equator. North latitude is positive and negative In 1956, the level of origin (72.289m) was set up at Qingdao in Xiangshan, and the absolute elevation of the other control points was calculated accordingly, which is called the the Yellow Sea elevation system in 1956. The object of map projection is how to describe the surface of the earth to the plane, that is, to study the theory and method of map projection Map projection is the method of studying the transformation of the longitude and latitude network of the earth ellipsoid into a plane in accordance with certain mathematical laws and its deformation. The length of the latitude and longitude of a globe: First, the length of the weft is unequal Second, on the same line, the difference is the same Equal arc length Third, all warp lengths are equal Length ratio (m): the ratio of a small line dS (deformation ellipse radius) on the projection surface and the corresponding small seg