化学工程与工艺专业英语Unit 11_2003版.pptx

;;;1. Applications of Thermodynamics ;;;;2. The Nature of Thermodynamics ;;;;Through thermodynamics the potentials (which define and determine equilibrium) are identified and quantified. These potentials also determine the direction (in which a system will move) as well as the final state (it will reach) but offer no information concerning the time (required to attain the final state). Thus, time is not a thermodynamic variable, and the study of rates is outside the bounds of thermodynamics, except in the limit as the system nears equilibrium. Here rate expressions should be thermodynamically