医学英语原文翻译1至5单元概要1.docVIP

1.?生理学是研究生物体正常功能的一门科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的，如基因编码的复制，但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。鉴于此，将这门学科分成不同部分研究如细菌生理学，植物生理学和动物生理学是有必要的。Physiology?is?the?study?of?the functions?of?living?matter.?It?is?concerned?with?how?an?organism?performs?its?varied?activities:?how?it?feeds,?how?it?moves,?how?it?adapts?to?changing?circumstances,?how?it?spawns?new?generations.?The?subject?is?vast?and?embraces?the?whole?of?life.?The?success?of?physiology?in?explaining?how?organisms?perform?their?daily?tasks?is?based?on?the?notion?that?they?are?intricate?and?exquisite?machines?whose?operation?is?governed?by?the?laws?of?physics?and?chemistry.?Although?some?processes?are?similar?across?the?whole?spectrum?of?biology—the?replication?of?the?genetic?code?for?example—many?are?specific?to?particular?groups?of?organisms.?For?this?reason?it?is?necessary?to?divide?the?subject?into?various?parts?such?as?bacterial?physiology,?plant?physiology,?and?animal?physiology.?2. 正如要了解一个动物如何活动，首先需要 了解它的构成，要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。一个生物体的各部分起着什么作用可通过实验观察得知。尽管我们对志愿者进行了许多重要的生理调查，但是实验条件需要精确控制，所以我们当前大多生理知识还是源于对其它动物如青蛙，兔子，猫和狗等的研究。当我们明确大多数动物物种的特定生理过程存在共同之处时，相同的生理原理适用于人类也是合理的。通过这种方法，我们获得了大量的知识，从而让我们对人类生理学有了更深入的了解，为我们有效治疗许多疾病提供了一个坚实的基础。To?study?how?an?animal?works?it?is first?necessary?to?know?how?it?is?built.?A?full?appreciation?of?the?physiology?of?an?organism?must?therefore?be?based?on?a?sound?knowledge?of?its?anatomy.?Experiments?can?then?be?carried?out?to?establish?how?particular?parts?perform?their?functions. Although?there?have?been?many?important?physiological?investigations?on?human?volunteers,?the?need?for?precise?control?over?the?experimental?conditions?has?meant?that?much?of?our?present?physiological?knowledge?has?been?derived?from?studies?on?other?animals?such?as?frogs,?rabbits,?cats,?and?dogs. When?it?is?clear?that?a?specific?physiological?process?has?a?common?basis?in?a?wide?variety?of?animal?s