四级八级复习指导——欧洲文化入门概要1.docVIP

四级八级复习指导欧洲文化入门一 Lecture 1I. Do you know these?v 1.(Even) Homer sometimes nods. v 2.Achilles heelv 3.Apple of Discord v 1. Even the most skilled and trustworthy people do not always produce work of the highest quality.v 2.the fatal weak pointv 3.the origin of disagreementAchilles’ storyv Achillesv Peleus（[希神]珀琉斯） Thetis（[希神]西蒂斯(海神Nereus的女儿), a sea nymphv Thetis wanted to make her son invincible by dipping him into the Styx（(环绕地狱的河)冥河）v But she neglected Achilles’ heel by which she held himv Killed by ParisStory of the Golden Applev The wedding ceremony of Thetis Peleusv The goddes of discord, Eris（厄里斯(不和女神)）, was not invited, hence, angryv Golden apple: to the most beautiful womanv Hera, Athena, Aphrodite （阿芙罗狄蒂(爱与美的女神)）v Paris, prince of Troyv Hellen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta（梅内莱厄斯：特洛伊战争期间的斯巴达王）v The Trojan Warv II. Historical development of Ancient Greece ?1. The Aegean（爱琴海） culture (-20 C.－-7C.)è Cretan Civilization (-20C-13C): the Minoans（(古希腊)克里特文明）; linear writing; Non- Indo-European languageè Mycenaean Civilization (-12C) （迈锡尼文明）: the Akhaians, real ancestors of Greeks; Indo-European languageè The Trojan War (-1200 -1170 B.C. ): Troy alliance of Greek statesè The Dorians（多里安人） from the north of mainland Greece, still babarian tribes, occupied most of the Peloponnesus? 2. Dark Age (-11C— -8C)è Period 1050-750 poorly known, called Dark Ages when there were few historical records left.è Kings ruled non-urban Greek communities during Dark Ages è At end of the period aristocracy（贵族政治） began to throw out kings, take over management of the community è In the late Dark Ages the Greeks began to form urban centers around a citadel (fortress). These centers are called poleis (singular polis). They were well established by the eighth century è The polis (city state) （城邦） is the characteristic Greek political institution of the Classical period3. Archaic Period (-8— -7C)è poverty of the land overpopulationè Colonizationè? A