微生物学 美国Indiana University Purdue University授课02.pptVIP

Microbial Pathogenesis and Host-Parasite Relationships BIOL 533 Lecture 2 Normal Flora General aspects Remember definition: organisms frequently found on or within body of healthy individuals Most are bacteria, but some are viruses, fungi, and protozoa We do not carry all of them all of the time Each person has individualized normal flora Normal Flora Some are found only on body; others also found in environment Problem: some people have transient normal flora (pathogens) Example: about 10% of population have meningococcus or pneumococcus as normal flora Importance Opportunistic infections: normal flora in unusual sites; for example: Bacteriodes from intestine into deeper tissues as a result of trauma (or surgery) Staphylococci from skin and nose Streptococci and Gram— cocci from throat and mouth Importance Depends on pathogen and on defenses of host: Candida (yeast) causes pneumonia in people undergoing cancer chemotherapy Pneumocystis carinii (common inhabitant of lung) causes pneumonia and death in AIDS patients Immune Stimulation Antigenic stimulation by normal flora— do not have high antibody titers Serve as defense mechanism even in low concentration Bacterial stimulation leads to production of IgA that is secreted through mucus membranes Probably interfere with colonization of deeper tissues Immune Stimulation Sometimes antibodies elicited by normal flora cross-react with normal tissue: Antibodies against ABO blood group substances: A - make B antibodies B - make A antibodies O - make antibodies against both Why? Bacteria from intestinal flora contain Ag that cross-react with both A B blood substances Immune Stimulation Cross-reactivity does not normally cause disease Possible for antibodies cross-reactive to microbial Ag to cause problem Lupus erythematosus—production of Ab against host DNA Some evidence that Ag may be cross-reacting bacterial LPS May cross-react with pathogen (meningococcus) Physical Chemical Aspects Keeps out invaders Mechanisms: P