操作系统CH4章.pptVIP

4.3.2 Benefits of a Microkernel Organization 1. Uniform interface on request made by a process All services are provided by means of message passing 2. Extensibility Allows the addition of new services 3. Flexibility New features added Existing features can be subtracted Threads, SMP, and Microkernels Chapte 4 4.1 Process and thread Resource ownership - process is allocated a virtual address space to hold the process image Scheduling/execution- follows an execution path that may be interleaved with other processes Characteristic of Process These two characteristics are treated independently by the operating system Dispatching is referred to as a thread Resource of ownership is referred to as a process or task 4.1.1 Multithreading Operating system supports multiple threads of execution within a single process MS-DOS supports a single thread UNIX supports multiple user processes but only supports one thread per process Windows 2000, Solaris, Linux, Mach, and OS/2 support multiple threads In Multithreading Process-------- Have a virtual address space which holds the process image Protected access to processors, other processes, files, and I/O resources Thread-------- An execution state (running, ready, etc.) Saved thread context when not running Has an execution stack Some per-thread static storage for local variables Access to the memory and resources of its process all threads of a process share this Benefits of Threads Takes less time to create a new thread than a process Less time to terminate a thread than a process Less time to switch between two threads within the same process Since threads within the same process share memory and files, they can communicate with each other without invoking the kernel Uses of Threads in a Single-User  Multiprocessing System 许多计算任务和信息处理任务在逻辑上涉及多个控制流，这些控制流具有内在的并发性 ，当其中一个控制流被阻塞时，另外一些控制流仍然可以运行。在没有支持线程 的条件下，只能采取多进程模式。多进程开销大，而且如果没有共享存储空间的条件下，进程的通讯困难。 采用多线程模式的优势： 可以提