新一代移动通信技术SMAC4.ppt

MAC Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks Wei Ye USC Information Sciences Institute Characteristics of Sensor Network A special wireless ad hoc network Large number of nodes Battery powered Topology and density change Nodes for a common task In-network data processing Sensor-net applications Sensor-triggered bursty traffic Can often tolerate some delay Speed of a moving object places a bound on network reaction time MAC and Its Classification Medium Access Control (MAC) When and how nodes access the shared channel Classification of MAC protocols Scheduled protocols Schedule nodes onto different sub-channels Examples: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA Contention-based protocols Nodes compete in probabilistic coordination Examples: ALOHA (pure slotted), CSMA MAC Attributes Collision avoidance Basic task of a MAC protocol Energy efficiency Scalability and adaptivity Network size, node density and topology change Channel utilization Latency Throughput Fairness Energy Efficiency in MAC Design Energy is primary concern in sensor networks What causes energy waste? Collisions Control packet overhead Overhearing unnecessary traffic Long idle time bursty traffic in sensor-net apps Idle listening consumes 50—100% of the power for receiving (Stemm97, Kasten) Scheduled Protocols TDMA Advantages No collisions Energy efficient — easily support low duty cycles Disadvantages Bad scalability and adaptivity Difficult to accommodate node changes Difficult to handle inter-cluster communication Requires strict time synchronization Scheduled Protocols Polling A master plus one or more slaves (star topology) The master node decides which slave can send by polling the corresponding slave Only direct communication between the master and a slave A special TDMA without pre-assigned slots Examples IEEE 802.11 infrastructure mode (CFP) Bluetooth piconets Scheduled Protocols Self-Organaiztion — by Sohrabi and Pottie Have a pool of independent channels Frequency band or spreading code Potential interferin