曼昆宏观经济学英文版31open_economy.ppt

31 Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts Open and Closed Economies A closed economy is one that does not interact with other economies in the world. There are no exports, no imports, and no capital flows. An open economy is one that interacts freely with other economies around the world. Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts An Open Economy An open economy interacts with other countries in two ways. It buys and sells goods and services in world product markets. It buys and sells capital assets in world financial markets. THE INTERNATIONAL FLOW OF GOODS AND CAPITAL An Open Economy The United States is a very large and open economy—it imports and exports huge quantities of goods and services. Over the past four decades, international trade and finance have become increasingly important. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports Exports are goods and services that are produced domestically and sold abroad. Imports are goods and services that are produced abroad and sold domestically. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports Net exports (NX) are the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports. Net exports are also called the trade balance. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports A trade deficit is a situation in which net exports (NX) are negative. Imports Exports A trade surplus is a situation in which net exports (NX) are positive. Exports Imports Balanced trade refers to when net exports are zero—exports and imports are exactly equal. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports Factors That Affect Net Exports The tastes of consumers for domestic and foreign goods. The prices of goods at home and abroad. The exchange rates at which people can use domestic currency to buy foreign currencies. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports Factors That Affect Net Exports The incomes of consumers at home and abroad. The costs of transporting goods from countr