thermodynamics热力学.ppt

Thermodynamics熱力學 溫度 氣體運動論 Temperature Kinetic Theory of Gases 熱力學討論的對象 溫度與內能的觀念 系統與環境之間的能量交換(熱)及其 引起的溫度變化或狀態的改變 解釋物質的性質與原子分子的關係 Temperature 感覺冷熱的程度 只是定性的描述 往往不可靠 溫度計 Thermal Contact 熱接觸Thermal Equilibrium 熱平衡 熱是一種傳送中的能量。物體的原子或分子透過隨機運動，把能量由較熱的物體傳往較冷的物體。 物體間以熱的方式交換的能量為零, 則彼此 間為熱平衡 Temperature 溫度決定一個物體是否會與其他物體熱平衡 熱接觸 ?溫度一樣 ? 熱平衡 熱接觸 ?熱平衡?溫度一樣 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics第零定律 Thermometers溫度計設計的原理 物理性質隨溫度而改變 The volume of a liquid The length of a solid The pressure of a gas at a constant volume The volume of a gas at a constant pressure The electric resistance of a conductor The color of an object A temperature scale can be established on the basis of any of these physical properties Thermometer, Liquid in Glass Calibrating a Thermometer溫度計的校準 與衡溫的系統做熱接觸 Problems with Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers An alcohol thermometer and a mercury thermometer may agree only at the calibration points The discrepancies between thermometers are especially large when the temperatures being measured are far from the calibration points Constant Volume Gas Thermometer Temperature readings are nearly independent of the substance used in the thermometer Absolute Zero –273.15o C Absolute Temperature Scale Absolute zero is used as the basis of the absolute temperature scale The size of the degree on the absolute scale is the same as the size of the degree on the Celsius scale To convert: TC = T – 273.15 TC is the temperature in Celsius T is the Kelvin (absolute) temperature Absolute Temperature Scale, 2 The absolute temperature scale is now based on two new fixed points Adopted in 1954 by the International Committee on Weights and Measures One point is absolute zero The other point is the triple point of water This is the combination of temperature and pressure where ice, water, and steam can all coexist Absolute Temperature Scale, 3 The triple point of water occurs at 0.01o C and 4.58 mm of mercury This temperature w