澳洲大学石油工程讲座pumps rev aug 9 2005.ppt

K-Factors for Determining Maximum Velocity Basic Design Criteria for Liquid Retention Time Asphalt, Asphaltenes Resins Oil-soluble Organic Acids Oil-wet Fines such as Fe, Zn, A1 Sulfates, CaCO3, SiO2, Fe2S3, Clays Common Types of Demulsifiers Polyglycol Esters Low Molecular Weight Resin High Molecular Weight Resin Sulfonates Polymerized Oil Esters Alkanolamine Condensates Oxyalkylated Phenols Polyamine Derivatives APPLICATION OF DEMULSIFIERS Agitation Moderate—do not “create” an emulsion problem Temperature As hot as possible Time As early as possible in the flow scheme Basic Parts of a Heater Treater Produced fluid enters through the oil inlet, is directed down through the condensing head and emulsion down comer to the free water knock-out and heat exchanger at the bottom. Most free water quickly falls out of the fluid while remaining fluids circulate through the heat exchanger. Here, gas and vapors begin to rise. As fluids are forced up to the settling section, more gases are released, while water coalesces on the baffles. The separated gas and vapor pass into the gas separation section and through the mist extractors prior to leaving through the gas outlet. The remaining separated oil leaves the unit on its way to the stock tanks through the oil outlet valve. Typical Operation of a Heater Treater Firetube Free Water Knockout Compartment Incoming Emulsion IN OIL OUT Oil Outlet * Low Pressure Spherical Separator Inlet Mist Extractor (large particles) Mist Extractor (small particles) Liquid Drains Gas Outlet Oil Drain Double-tube horizontal separator consists of an upper separator section and lower liquid chamber. The mixed stream of oil and gas enters the upper tube. Liquids fall through the first connecting pipe into the liquid reservoir and wet gas flows through the upper tube where the entrained liquids separate owing to their difference in density and to the scrubbing action of the mist extractor. 0.20 to 0.35 All Spherical 0.40 to 0.50 0.40 to 0.50