均匀磁化等离子体中的波.docVIP

IV. Waves in nonuniform plasmas 5.1 Multi-scale analysis We have studied uniform plasmas in uniform magnetic fields. In fact, both magnetic fields and plasmas in general are nonuniform. Then we now discuss waves and instabilities in nonuniform plasmas. Plasmas are typical multi-scale systems. To study plasmas with multiple spatial and temporal scales, we need to apply the multi-scale analysis method. 1）, . Then for an operator (matrix) of acting on , we have , i.e., when we expand near , is equivalent to , where , and . Thus, we can separate the two time-scales such as , . As averaging over a period , if the duration is much longer than the fast scale , but much shorter than the slow scale , i.e., , we then have . In other words, in such a duration, the slowly varied and almost keep constant. 2） From the EM wave equation in plasmas , we have , where the first term is the temporal variation of the EM field energy density, the second is Ohm heating power ( isotropically), the last is the Poynting flux, i.e., the EM field energy flux. If we write Making use of the above time average and ignoring the spatial variation, we can easily get the wave energetics in plasmas , where the wave energy density in plasmas, including the EM field energy density and the wave-particle interaction, is . Here a matrix has the Hamilton component and non-Hamilton component . From the above expansion to the matrix acting on the slowly varied variables, we can derive . Clearly, the non-Hamilton component is an order of due to the slow variation approximation. It is also shown that the wave energy density change is determined by the non- Hamiltonian component of the dielectric tensor , since the variation of the wave (+ plasma) energy depends only on the amplitude of the wave. In general, the change of wave energy should also depend on the variation of the wavelength and frequency. Under the slow variation approximation however, the wavelength and frequency v