英国重大记事.ppt

3.1.3 lexical gap(词汇空缺) and semantic field(词汇语义场) People living in different countries have different life experience, different philosophy and different culture and language, therefore, lexical gap occurs in different language systems. There are several ways to deal with lexical gap, such as free translation, literal translation, literal translation plus notes, and transliteration etc. Take the following as examples: （1）茗烟在窗外道：“他是东胡同里璜大奶奶的侄儿，那是什么硬正仗腰子的，也来唬我们。璜大奶奶是他姑娘。你那姑妈只会打旋磨子，给我们琏二奶奶跪着借当头。” “He is the nephew of Mrs. Jia Huang of the east Lane,” called Mingyan through the window. “I don’t know how he had the nerve to beard us. Mrs. Jia Huang is his aunt on the father’s side. She’s a sponger who sucks up to people and goes down on her knees to Madam Lian for things to pawn.” (曹雪芹、高鹗《红楼梦》杨宪益、戴乃迭 译) （2）贾瑞只要暂息此事，又悄悄的劝金荣说：“俗语说的好：‘杀人不过头点地’。你既惹出事来，少不得下点气儿，磕个头就完事了。”金荣无奈，只得进前来与秦钟磕头。 Jia Rui, anxious to smooth things over, urged Jin Rong softly, “Remember the proverb ‘A murderer can only lose his head.’ Since you began this you must humble yourself a little. Once you’ve kowtowed, that will be the end of it.” So at last Jin Rong stepped forward and kowtowed to Qin Zhong. (曹雪芹、高鹗《红楼梦》杨宪益、戴乃迭 译) 3.2、汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉英翻译的意义 (一)由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象，翻译时应通过各种手段对目的语（英语）的词义加以补充或限定，技巧上表现为词语的增减、阐释、借用、音译等。 1、我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色制服，别的没有印象了。 I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms. 2. 中国有12亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。 China has a population of more than 1.2 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the world’s average. （二）由于词汇使用频率的不对应，翻译时不能拘泥于字面的对应，而应以整体意义为重，灵活变通。技巧：某些词汇手段表达的意义，可以用另外的词汇来表达，甚至使用非词汇手段达到目的。 1、前门驱虎，后门进狼。 Fend off one danger only to fall prey to another. （三）由于词类的性质不同，词类的转换便成了汉英翻译中经常使用的技巧。 1、名词、动词、形容词、副词之间的互相转换。 2、名词向代词的转换。 3、动词向介词的转换。词类转换法的采用可以使译文多样化。1) 代词的使用，在英语和汉语里有很大的不同。总的来说，英语代词用得多，汉语代词用得少。因此，英译汉时，有些代词可以不译。汉译英时则要在适当的地方增加代词，特别是物主代词。有时要用代词避免重复，才符合英语的说法。 (1)朱德想起