操作系统第六章课件概要1.ppt

6.1 Resources Resources (资源)：需要排他性使用的对象。资源可以是硬件设备或是一组信息（一个排他使用的表格、数据库中的一条记录等）。 某些类型的资源会有若干个相同的实例。 6.1.1 Preemptable and Nonpreemptable Resources 资源的分类，是否可剥夺： Preemptable Resource(可抢占资源): it can be taken away from the process owning it with no ill effects. 可抢占资源：可以从拥有它的进程中剥夺而不会产生任何副作用的资源。 Example: Memory, CPU,…… 6.1.1 Preemptable and Nonpreemptable Resources Nonpreemptable Resource(不可抢占资源): it cannot be taken away from its current owner without causing the computation to fail. 不可抢占资源：无法在不引起相关计算失败的情况下把它从主进程处剥夺的资源。 Example: CD recorder,…… Deadlocks involve nonpreemptable resources. Preemptable and Nonpreemptable Resources Sequence of events required to use a resource: Request the resource. 请求资源：若请求不能立即满足，则等待； Use the resource. 使用资源：获得资源后，使用； Release the resource. 释放资源：使用完毕，将资源归还系统。 Assume: when a process is denied a resource request, it is put to sleep. 6.1.2 Resource Acquisition资源获取 One way of allowing user management of resources is to associate a semaphore with each resource. 哪个实例存在死锁的可能？ Resource Acquisition Consider a situation with two processes, A and B, and two resources. 6.2 Introduction To Deadlocks Deadlock can be defined formally as follows: A set of processes is deadlocked if each process in the set is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause. 在一个进程集合中，若每个进程都在等待某些事件（指：释放资源）的发生，而这些事件又必须由这个进程集合中的其它进程来产生，则该进程集合处于死锁状态。 6.2.1 Conditions for Resource Deadlocks Mutual exclusion condition (互斥条件). Each resource is either currently assigned to exactly one process or is available. Hold and wait condition (占有与等待条件). Process currently holding resources that were granted earlier can request new resources. No preemption condition (不可抢占条件). Resources previously granted cannot be forcibly taken away from a process. They must be explicitly released by the process holding them. Circular wait condition (循环等待条件). There must be a circular chain of two or more processes, each of which is waiting for a resource held by the next member of the c