英语词汇学6-1.ppt

6; ;6.1.2 Motivation;1. Phonetic motivation:;Thomas Nash: Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing, Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! Ad. of a Dallas Music Company: “Rent a toot or buy a tweet, boom, zing, twang, tinkle, hum or plink. (Each sound suggests a kind of musical instrument.) ;Primary onomatopoeia;Secondary onomatopoeia;“intense, symbolic connotation” of “initial and final root-forming morphemes” (Bloomfield):;2. morphological motivation:;3. Semantic motivation;a. Metaphor ; Metaphors have three main uses: descriptive, illuminative and illustrative. e.g. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight. The tree of liberty must be freshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure. (Thomas Jefferson) Kissinger has always been a political chameleon, able to take on the coloration of his environment.;Extended or branching metaphor:;Mixed metaphor can produce very amusing and illogical imagery, and are to be strictly avoided. It is surprising, however, how easily sometimes they blunder into speech and writing. e.g *I skim over the book to taste the tone of it. *At last he felt the ray of hope. Mixed metaphors are usually the product of inattention to exact language. It may also imply poor visual powers to see what words mean. We should make it a rule to check metaphors by seeing whether the word pictures we have painted are consistent or not, whether the word we have produced a work of art or something which is distorted.;b. Metonymy;Metonymy can be derived from various sources-- names of persons, from animals, professions, locations or place names, etc. A. Names of persons;D. Professions;More examples: His heart ruled her head. Use your brain. He has been called to the bar. He has been appointed to the bench. She took