通用汽车SPC教材概要1.ppt

统计学(Statistics) 收集、 整理、展示 、分析 、解析统计资料 Collect, collate, display, analysis, explain of data 由样本(sample)推论母体/群体(population) From sample to project the population 能在不确定情况下作决策 Decision with uncertainty 是一门科学方法、决策工具 Scientific and decision tool 统计量 Statistical Value R 全距(range) 算术平均数 (arithmetic mean) Md 中位数(median) Mo 众数(mode) ?2 方差/变异(variance) ? 标准差(standard deviation) R 全距(range) R = Xmax - Xmin 算术平均数 (arithmetic mean) Md 中位数(median) 顺序数列中的中心项的数值 The medial number in the series Mo 众数(mode) 资料中出现最多的数值 The number with highest frequency ?2 方差/变异(variance) ? 标准差(standard deviation) 例：Case 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11 R = 10 = 4 Md = 3 Mo = 1 ?n 2 = 10.86 ?n-12 = 12.67 ?n = 3.29 ?n-1 = 3.56 数列 Series： 12, 11, 12, 13, 18, 30, 24, 9 请计算下列统计量 Calculate the following: R Md Mo ?n 2 = ?n-12 = ?n = ?n-1 = 正态(常态)分布的曲线图Normal Distribution Curve 正态分布的性质Nature of Normal Distribution 两套三颗色子 (骰子)，以下列条件，每组各掷120次，然后把点数出现频次记录在直方图上。Two set of 3 dices, each set was thrown 120 times, and add up the sum in the histogram. Group A 组： 如常 Normal Group B C 组： 色子出现2点，则当5点计算 If 2 points, counts it as 5 D E 组： 色子出现5点，则当1点计算 if 5 count as 1 每 组：若总数是单数则加1。If sum is single, add 1 过程变差 Process Variation 输入材料 Material Input 不同批次之间的差异 Lot to Lot Variation 批次内的差异 Within Lot Variation 随时间产生的差异 Variation in Time Series 随环境而产生的差异 Variation due to Environment 生产/装配 Production/ Assembly 设备及工装夹具的差异 Equipment and Tooling Variation 随时间而产生的磨损，漂移等 Aging and Shift by time 操作工之间的差异(如手工操作的过程) Variation between Operators ( Manual Work) 设置的差异 Different Setup 环境的差异 Different Environments 输出产品 Output Product 输出的产品随时间而产生的变化 Product Variation by time series 输出的产品随环境而产生的变化 Product Variation due to environment 反馈 - 测量 Feedback- Measurement 由于测量用于过程中的所有组成部分，测量的变差会对过程的各个阶段产生影响 Measurements are part of the process, variation in the measurement can affect the process in various stages