材料科学与工程基础第一章概要1.pptVIP

* Fundamentals of materials science and engineering — Introduction —————————————————————————————————— Fundamentals materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程基础 School of materials Science and Engineering 材料科学与工程学院 CHAPTER 1 /Introduction A familiar item that is fabricated from three different material types is the beverage container. Beverages are marketed in aluminum (metal) cans, glass (ceramic) bottles plastic (polymer) bottles 金属 陶瓷 聚合物 1.1 Historical Perspective Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Electric Age, Information Age Actually, It is a materials phylogeny that human history evolved Stone Bronze Iron 1.2 Materials Science And Engineering materials science relationships between the structures and properties investigating materials engineering designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. 加工过程 组织结构 性质 使用性能 Composition 成分 ‘‘Structure’’ of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure 原子内的 atomic level 原子间的 microscopic macroscopic ‘‘property’’: all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. Six different important properties Mechanical properties 力学性能 Electrical properties 电性能 Thermal behavior 热性能 Magnetic properties 磁性能 Optical properties 光性能 Deteriorative characteristics 老化特性 微观的 巨观的 FIGURE 1.2 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: singlecrystal material (sapphire), which is transparent; a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous) material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. Two other important c