第九讲抽象与具体11.pptVIP

第九讲 抽象与具体Abstract and Concrete 目 的 要 求 仔细体会：导致英语普遍抽象的原因是什么？ 作 业 思考：为什么汉语是意像性语言？ P173 A.英语的逻辑和理性的显著特点就是抽象性 a. 亚里斯多德的形式逻辑和欧洲16-18世纪盛行的理性主义导致人们的思维注重“以理服人”，不注重“以情感人”。 Plato actually thought that these abstractions had a greater reality than the properties of objects in the physical world. P160 为了使语言表达冷静，必须多用名词、尤其是抽象名词。 An Englishman does not like to commit himself by being enthusiastic or too distressed. b. 抽象思维被认为是一种高级思维。是高度文明的象征。P161 Civilization means among other things increase of abstract terms and decrease of superfluous special words... The more advanced a language is, the more developed is its expressing abstract or general ideas. ---o. Jesperson 英语中抽象名词的大量使用导致涵义概括，指称笼统，有“虚”、“泛”、“曲”...的感觉 1. 英语的名词化往往导致表达的抽象化。 An excessive reliance on the noun ...will detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done and insensibly induce a habit of abstraction, generalization and vagueness... Exampls There seems to have been an absence of attempt at concilliaation between rival sect. 对立的两派之间似乎从来也没有尝试过要求和。 Your disablement pension entitlement is now satisfactorily placed beyond all disputes on logical grounds. 作为残疾人，你有完全权利领取抚恤金。 Examples The availability of the new facilities is hard to obtain. 很难购到这批设备. Manliness is judged according to one’s invulnerability to the impact of the outside world. 男子汉气是根据他是否能抵抗住外来影响而判断的。 To express one’s thoughts accurately is hard work, and to be precise is dangerous. 2. 以迎合某种需要，抽象的模糊性可以掩饰作者的含糊和真实思想。P162-163 The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments . 没有消息表明了有可喜的进展。 There are many communities where anonymity in personal relationships prevail. 社区许多人都互相不认识。 从形容词或动词派生出来的抽象名词涵义压缩、简化，易于传诵。 3. 抽象名词可以使表达含蓄，对事物的本质进行高度概括，特别适合表达深奥的哲理和模糊的思想， 留有余地， 留下发展空间。P165 Eg. Surviaval of the Fittest. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. The ancient Greeks were fond of categories , ..turing attributes i