第一章写作基本技巧.pptVIP

;第一节遣词造句的基本原则; 上面（A）组的词适合通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。（B）组的词适合口气庄重的文章。我们来对不下面几组句子和段落： A：After working laboriously for three hours, they felt exhausted. B；After working hard for three hours, they felt tired. A：John possessed sufficient equipment for a small laboratory. B：John had enough equipment for a small laboratory. ; A：It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are requested to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and returning of the books, and to bear in mind the need of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced. B：The number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience. So from now on, were going to enforce the rules strictly. Youve got to pay fines for overdue books. You have been warmed. 在上面表达中，A组口气庄重，句子结构严谨，抽象名词和大词较多，适合正式文体如法律文书、政府报告、商业书信、历史哲学及各们学科，也包括风格严谨的散文、小说等。B组文字浅显，结构简单，通俗易懂，适合于通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。一般情况下，不要把文章写得不伦不类，就学生英文水平来说，应该选择B组写法。;2. 选用词义确切的词 确切的词是针对词的外延和词的内涵而言的。词的外延式词的直接意义，词的内涵是词的联想意义。如statesman，politician的外延相同，但内涵不同，statesman是褒义词“政治家”，politician是贬义词“政客”。又如refuse表示直截了当的拒绝，而decline表示委婉、含蓄的拒绝。外延相同而内涵不同的词在英语中数量很多，它们的细微差别表现在以下几个方面： （1）意义上的细微差别 escape 一般意义上的逃跑，逃避 flee 在紧急情况下仓皇逃脱 characteristic 指容易辨认的具体“个性、特性、特征” character 指区别于其他人、物、地方的整体“性质、特性、特色” feature 多指显著的引人注意的外部“细节特征、特色”;（2）文体不同 can not属于非正式表达 cant是口语体 cannot属于正式书面体 dismiss属于正式文体 fire属于非正式文体 （3）程度强弱不同 deal with 处理一般的事物 cope with 处理棘手的事物 accident 一般事故 disaster 灾难、不幸 catastrophe 异常的大灾祸 （4）抽象与具体 walk stroll，rush，run，stride，tiptoe，... good kind，generous，friendly，skillful，... eat chew，swallow，taste，...; 以上每行第一个词属于抽象、笼统的词，它们有着较强的概括力，但是给人以空泛的感觉，而后面具体的词富于表达力，给人以确切的概念。一般来说，抽象笼统的词常放在文章的开头、结尾，以及段落