第二章生化反应之溶剂：水.pptVIP

Chapter 2: Biomolecules in Water 水做為溶劑之特殊性 非共價作用力 解離常數與pH 緩衝溶液 水為生物的首選溶劑 Biological solvent: a medium for metabolic reactions aquaporins: membrane channels for water transport Essential buffer to regulate temperature and pH: high specific heat capacity and pH-regulating substances dissolved in it Participant in many biochemical reactions: photosynthesis and hydrolysis of ATP Weak Chemical Bonds Non-covalent interactions: Hydrogen bonds氫鍵 Ionic interactions離子交互作用(靜電吸引力) Hydrophobic interactions (厭水性交互作用) van der Waals interactions (凡得瓦爾力) 這些弱的維繫力重要性何在? “The more complex the system, the weaker are the forces that govern its behavior” - J. R. Platt The Four Weak Interactions The Polar Nature of Water Given the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen (3.5 - 2.1 = 1.4) and its shape, water is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 1.85D the net charge on oxygen is -0.66 and that on each hydrogen is +0.33 1. Hydrogen Bonds 5% of the bond strength of a O-H (20 vs. 460 kJ/mole) Much longer bond distance: 0.18 vs. 0.096 nm Highly directional Based on the dipole moment of water Account for the unusual properties of water as both substance and solvent Common Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonding in ice 重要生物分子間氫鍵 Hydrogen Bond Strength is Highly Directional 2. Ionic Interactions They are about 5-10% the strength of a carbon-carbon bond (20-40 vs. 350 kJ/mole) Ionically stabilized compounds (like NaCl) are readily dissolved in solvents with a high dielectric constant (like water) Why? Solvent Properties of H2O Ionic compounds (e.g.,KCl) and low-molecular- weight polar covalent compounds (e.g., C2H5OH and CH3COCH3) tend to dissolve in water The underlying principle is electrostatic attraction of unlike charges; the positive dipole of water for the negative dipole of another molecule, etc. ion-dipole interaction: e.g., KCl dissolved in H2O dipole-dipole interactions: e.g., ethanol or acetone diss