科学的心理学研究与写作-样卷.docVIP

华东师范大学期末试卷 “科学的心理学研究与写作” 样卷 共8题. ………………………………………………………………………………………… (科学哲学部分:50分) 1．什么是科学？简述亨普尔的回答，以及相应的看法。（4分） 2．解释“否定后件的推理”和“肯定后件的谬误”这两个概念。（6分） 3．从科学研究过程角度，阐述“归纳”这一推理形式存在的问题。（10分） 4．举例说明“检验蕴含”这一概念，以及它与“假设”的关系。（5分）。 5．如果需要你确证一个假设，那么：1）在证据层面上，有何要求？2）从检验蕴含角度，又可做些什么？3）在理论层面上，可以做些什么？ 举例说明（20分） 6．阐述“演绎-定律论解释”这一概念。举例说明（5分） ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (文献阅读：50分) 7. 划出下文摘要中的新说法、以及支持该说法的实验证据。同时，简述该新说法在已有研究基础上，有何进展。（10分） Abstract Early language exposure is essential to developing a formal language system, but may not be sufficient for communicating effectively. To understand a speaker’s intention, one must take the speaker’s perspective. Multilingual exposure may promote effective communication by enhancing perspective taking. We tested children on a task that required perspective taking to interpret a speaker’s intended meaning. Monolingual children failed to interpret the speaker’s meaning dramatically more often than both bilingual children and children who were exposed to a multilingual environment but were not bilingual themselves. Children who were merely exposed to a second language performed as well as bilingual children, despite having lower executive-function scores. Thus, the communicative advantages demonstrated by the bilinguals may be social in origin, and not due to enhanced executive control. For millennia, multilingual exposure has been the norm. Our study shows that such an environment may facilitate the development of perspective-taking tools that are critical for effective communication. 8．下文是一篇文献的引言部分。请阐述该研究所针对的理论问题？对该问题，作者是如何思考的？通过该思考，作者作出的研究假设和检验蕴涵是什么？同时，根据摘要和引言，写一篇关于此文献的新闻报道（40分，见下两页）