sampling distribution 定理.ppt

Chapter 6 Introduction to Inferential StatisticsSampling and Sampling Designs What are samples? 誤差 Differences between parameters and statistics=error sampling error 抽樣誤差 non-sampling error 非抽樣誤差 (also called measurement error) Sampling error the degree to which a given sample differs from the population sampling error tends to be high with small sample sizes and will decrease as sample size increases Target Population group to which you wish to generalize the results of the study should be defined as specifically as possible Sampling Techniques Nonprobability Sampling (nonrandom sampling) 非隨機抽樣 Probability Sampling (random sampling) 隨機抽樣 Nonprobability sampling Convenience sampling 方便抽樣 getting people who are most conveniently available fast low cost Volunteers 自願樣本 units are self-selected Characteristics of nonprobability samples members of the population DO NOT have an equal chance of being selected results cannot be generalized beyond the group being tested Probability Sampling sample should represent the population using random selection methods Types of Probability Sampling Simple random sampling簡單隨機抽樣 Systematic sampling系統式抽樣 Stratified sampling 分層隨機抽樣 Cluster sampling 部落抽樣 Simple Random Sampling every unit in the population has an equal and known probability of being selected as part of the sample (抽籤) e.g. in obtaining a sample of 10 subjects from a population of 1,000 people, everyone in the population would have a 1/100 chance of being selected (or p of .01) 亂數表 Characteristics of simple random sampling Unbiased: 母體內每一個體被抽到的機會均等 Independence : 母體內某一個個體被抽到不會影響其他個體被抽到的機會 Limitations of simple random samples not practical for large populations Simple random sampling becomes difficult when we dont have a list of the population Systematic Sampling系統性抽樣 a type of probability sampling in which every kth member of the population is selected k=N/n N = size of the population n = sample size Advantages/disadvantages of systematic sampling As