浅析6第五章 微生物的新陈代谢.ppt

* * * * * * * The Pasteur effect is a regulatory phenomenon by which organisms lower their rate of sugar catabolism when conditions cause a shift from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism because the aerobic process is more efficient and generates greater energy per glucose molecule * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 分类：诱导型和阻遏型 * Bacterial genes are organized in by gene systems known as operons. ◆The operon model of prokaryotic gene regulation was proposed by Fancois Jacob and Jacques Monod. Groups of genes coding for related proteins are arranged in units known as operons. An operon consists of an operator, promoter, regulator, and structural genes. The regulator gene codes for a repressor protein that binds to the operator, obstructing the promoter (thus, transcription) of the structural genes. The regulator does not have to be adjacent to other genes in the operon. If the repressor protein is removed, transcription may occur. Operons are either inducible or repressible according to the control mechanism. Seventy-five different operons controlling 250 structural genes have been identified for E. coli. * Jacob and Monod were the first scientists to elucidate a transcriptionally regulated system. They worked on the lactose metabolism system in E. Coli. When the bacterium is in an environment that contains lactose: It should turn on the enzymes that are required for lactose degradation. These enzymes are: beta-galactosidase: This enzyme hydrolyzes the bond between the two sugars, glucose and galactose. It is coded for by the gene LacZ. Lactose Permease: This enzyme spans the cell membrane and brings lactose into the cell from the outside environment. The membrane is otherwise essentially impermeable to lactose. It is coded for by the gene LacY. Thiogalactoside transacetylase: The function of this enzyme is not known. It is coded for by the gene LacA. These three enzymes appear adjacent to each other on the E. Coli genome. They are preceded by a region which is r