题目1：离子型稀土矿开采工艺比较研究-有色金属科学与工程.DOC

离子型稀土矿不同采选工艺比较：基于成本的视角(( 邹国良 吴一丁 （江西理工大学,江西 赣州 341000） 摘要：离子型稀土矿采选先后经历了池浸、堆浸和原地浸矿三种工艺。目前，国家要求离子型稀土矿开发应采用原地浸矿等适合资源和环境保护要求的生产工艺，禁止采用浸、浸工艺。TD865；TD-9 文献标志码：A A Comparative Study of the Different Mining and Separating Technology of Ion-absorbed Rare Earth Deposits—Based on Cost Perspective （School of Economic and Management，Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China) Abstract: Ion-absorbed rare earth deposits mining and separating has gone through tank leaching, heap leaching and in-situ leaching three processes. At present, the state requires the development of ion-absorbed rare earth deposits should adapt the processes such as in-situ leaching in order to protect the resources and environment and prohibit the use of tank leaching and heap leaching.Based on the characteristics of ion-absorbed rare earth deposits, geological conditions, the basic principles and the advantages and disadvantages of the three processes, the difference of the accounting cost of the three processes is little and the costs of in-situ leaching may be the highest considering the environment rehabilitation cost and some complex geological conditions. At last, some related proposals including the selection of ion-absorbed rare earth deposits mining and separating process should be adapted to local conditions are put forwarded in this paper. Keywords: ion-absorbed rare earth deposits; tank leaching; heap leaching; in-situ leaching; environment rehabilitation cost 0 问题的提出 离子型稀土矿开采利用始于上世纪70年代，先后经历了池浸、堆浸和原地浸矿三种不同的工艺技术[1]。由于池浸、堆浸开采工艺留下了大片废弃矿山及造成了严重环境污染，因此，国家目前推广对生态环境破坏小、资源回收率高的原地浸矿法。然而，原地浸矿新工艺虽然在一些稀土开采企业应用中取得了成功,但是，对中钇富铕“鸡窝状”严重的稀土矿山，采用原地浸矿工艺还是存在一定难度[2]，目前该工艺的推广应用面还不到20%[3]。笔者认为，池浸、 堆浸和原地浸矿等工艺各有优缺点，且具有其适用条件，离子型稀土矿开采工艺的选择应结合矿床地形地貌、矿体特征以及地质条件，综合考虑采选的经济效益和环境影响，有针对性地选择开采工艺。 1 离子型稀土矿相关概述 1.1 离子型稀土矿矿床特征 离子型稀土矿(也称风化壳淋积型稀土矿)矿床为裸露地面的风化花岗岩或火山岩风化壳，大多处于海拔小于550米、高差60~250米的丘陵地带，以平缓低山和水系发育为特征。矿床厚度为5~30米，一般为8~10米。矿体自上而下较明显地分为腐殖层（含残坡积层）、全风化层、半风化层以及基岩（如图1所示），稀土主要赋存在全风化层。此外