End-to-End Internet Packet Dynamics：（端到端网络数据包动态）.pdfVIP

IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 7, NO. 3, JUNE 1999 277 End-to-End Internet Packet Dynamics Vern Paxson Abstract— We discuss findings from a large-scale study of on measurements of TCP bulk transfers conducted between Internet packet dynamics conducted by tracing 20 000 TCP 35 NPD sites (Section II). Using TCP—rather than fixed-rate bulk transfers between 35 Internet sites. Because we traced UDP or ICMP “echo” packets, as done in [1], [5], [18]—reaps each 100-kbyte transfer at both the sender and the receiver, the measurements allow us to distinguish between the end-to- significant benefits. First, TCP traffic is “real world,” since end behaviors due to the different directions of the Internet TCP is widely used in today’s Internet [25]. Consequently, paths, which often exhibit asymmetries. We: 1) characterize any network path properties we can derive from measurements the prevalence of unusual network events such as out-of-order of a TCP transfer can potentially be directly applied to tuning delivery and packet replication; 2) discuss a robust receiver-based TCP performance. Second, TCP packet streams allow fine- algorithm for estimating “bottleneck bandwidth” that addresses deficiencies discovered in techniques based on “packet pair;” scale probing without unduly loading the network, since TCP 3) investigate patterns of packet loss, finding that loss events adapts its transmission rate to current congestion levels. are not well modeled as independent and, furthermore, that Using TCP