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Real-Time Neuroevolution in the NERO Video Game
Kenneth O. Stanley (kstanley@)
Bobby D. Bryant (bdbryant@)
Risto Miikkulainen (risto@)
Department of Computer Sciences
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX 78712 USA
A version of this paper appears in:
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
(Special Issue on Evolutionary Computation and Games),
Vol.9, No. 6, December 2005
Abstract
In most modern video games, character behavior is scripted; no matter how many times the player exploits
a weakness, that weakness is never repaired. Yet if game characters could learn through interacting with
the player, behavior could improve as the game is played, keeping it interesting. This paper introduces the
real-time NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (rtNEAT) method for evolving increasingly complex
artificial neural networks in real time, as a game is being played. The rtNEAT method allows agents to
change and improve during the game. In fact, rtNEAT makes possible an entirely new genre of video games
in which the player trains a team of agents through a series of customized exercises. To demonstrate this
concept, the NeuroEvolving Robotic Operatives (NERO) game was built based on rtNEAT. In NERO, the
player trains a team of virtual robots for combat against other players’ teams. This paper describes results
from this novel application of machine learning, and demonstrates that rtNEAT makes possible video games
like NERO where agents evolve and adapt in real time. In the future, rtNEAT may allow new kinds of
educational and training applications throu
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