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chapter 1 adolescent growth and …(第1章青少年成长和u2026)
Chapter 1
ADOLESCENT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Jamie Stang and Mary Story
Biological, psychosocial and cognitive changes that begin during puberty and continue throughout
adolescence directly affect nutritional status and nutrient needs. Adolescents experience dramatic
physical growth and development during puberty, which in turn appreciably increases their
requirements for energy, protein, and many vitamins and minerals. Adolescents also experience
significant changes in their ability to assess and comprehend complex situations and information
and in their desire to become independent, unique individuals. The increased need for energy and
nutrients among adolescents, combined with increasing financial independence, increasing need for
autonomy when making food choices, and immature cognitive abilities, places adolescents at
nutritional risk. Therefore, it is vital that health care providers who provide nutrition education and
counseling have a thorough understanding of adolescent physical and psychosocial growth and
development.
NORMAL PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
The beginning of biological growth and development during adolescence is signified by the onset of
puberty, which is often defined as the physical transformation of a child into an adult. A myriad of
biological changes occur during puberty including sexual maturation, increases in height and
weight, completion of skeletal growth accompanied by a marked increase in skeletal mass, and
changes in body composition. The succession of these events during puberty is consistent among
adolescents, however, there may be a great deal of deviation in the age of onset, duration, and
tempo of these events between and within individuals. For this reason, adolescents of the same
chronological age can vary greatly in physical appearance. This has direct relevance for the
nutrition re
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