chapter 12 fourier series - university of minnesota（第十二章傅里叶级数,明尼苏达大学）.pdfVIP

Chapter 12 Fourier Series Just before 1800, the French mathematician/physicist/engineer Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier made an astonishing discovery. As a result of his investigations into the partial dif- ferential equations modeling vibration and heat propagation in bodies, Fourier was led to claim that “every” function could be represented by an infinite series of elementary trigono- metric functions — sines and cosines. As an example, consider the sound produced by a musical instrument, e.g., piano, violin, trumpet, oboe, or drum. Decomposing the signal into its trigonometric constituents reveals the fundamental frequencies (tones, overtones, etc.) that are combined to produce its distinctive timbre. The Fourier decomposition lies at the heart of modern electronic music; a synthesizer combines pure sine and cosine tones to reproduce the diverse sounds of instruments, both natural and artificial, according to Fourier’s general prescription. Fourier’s claim was so remarkable and unexpected that most of the leading mathe- maticians of the time did not believe him. Nevertheless, it was not long before scientists came to appreciate the power and far-ranging applicability of Fourier’s method, thereby opening up vast new realms of physics, engineering, and elsewhere, to mathematical anal- ysis. Indeed, Fourier’s discovery easily ranks in the “top ten” mathematical advances of all time, a list that would include Newton’s invention of the calculus, and Gauss and Rie- mann’s establishment of differential geometry that, 70 years later, became the foundation of Einstein’s general relativity. Fourier analysis is an essential component of much of mod- ern applied (and pure) mathematics. It forms an exceptionally powerful analytical tool for solving a broad range of parti