要点语言学笔记(上课的笔记).docVIP

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION (高叔叔说这章要考50分，所以东西有点多~) 1.Linguistics 1.1Definition: linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Three key words: ? Language:preceded by the zero article implies not any particular language but language in general. ? Study: investigate examine research ? Scientific: observation →generalization→hypotheses formation→data collection→hypotheses testing→ theory formulation How to make a study scientific? 1) Exhaustiveness: gather all the materialsrelevant to ones investigation and give theman adequate explanation. 2) Consistency: make no contradiction between parts of the total statement 3) Economy: other things being equal, simpler shorter analysis is better. 4) Objectivity: be as objective as possible in describing and analyzing the data, allowing no prejudice to influence one’s generalization. 1.2 the scope of linguistics General linguistics: the study of language as a whole. This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas. General linguistics can be further divided into theoretical linguistics (micro-linguistics) and application of linguistics (macro-linguistics). 1.2.1 Theoretical linguistics: 1)Phnetics :the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. 2) Phonology : studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meanings in communication. 3)Morphology: study of the way in which the smallest meaningful components called morpheme are arranged to form words. 4) Syntax[‘sint?ks]: studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences 5)Semantics [si’m?ntiks]: the study of meaning in isolation, statically out of context. 1.2.2 Application of linguistics(2-8了解即可) 1) Pragmatics: the dynamic study of mea