课件chapter 5critical perspectives.pptVIP

Id 本我 本我即原我，是指原始的自己，包含生存所需的基本欲望、冲动和生命力。本我是一切心理能量之源，本我按快乐原则行事，它不理会社会道德、外在的行为规范，它唯一的要求是获得快乐，避免痛苦，本我的目标乃是求得个体的舒适，生存及繁殖，它是无意识的，不被个体所觉察。 * Ego 自我 自我，其德文原意即是指“自己”，是自己可意识到的执行思考、感觉、判断或记忆的部分，自我的机能是寻求“本我”冲动得以满足，而同时保护整个机体不受伤害，它遵循的是“现实原则”，为本我服务。 * Superego 超我 ? 超我，是人格结构中代表理想的部分，它是个体在成长过程中通过内化道德规范，内化社会及文化环境的价值观念而形成，其机能主要在监督、批判及管束自己的行为，超我的特点是追求完美，所以它与本我一样是非现实的，超我大部分也是无意识的，超我要求自我按社会可接受的方式去满足本我，它所遵循的是“道德原则”。 * 6.1 psychoanalysis on the characters Psychoanalysis approaches attempt to explain thee inner workings of the characters’ mind, looking in particular for signs of desires and memories that have been repressed and forced into the unconscious. * 6.2 psychoanalysis on the spectators One other way in which psychoanalysis has been used to study cinema is through psychoanalytic theories of the spectator. The experience of watching a film provided the spectator with an imaginary self-image, a self-image that is based on an imaginary and temporary sense of wholeness. The essence of the cinematic experience, is to play to fulfill the spectator’s desire for a more coherent identity. * 7.Politics and ideology Louis Althusser: ideology is the expression of the imaginary relation of individuals to the real conditions of their existence. How do films deal with ideology? * Ideological interpretation Ideological contradictions: contradictions occur either because the dominant ideology is itself contradictory, or because the film is unable to fully express its own ideology in the face of a conflicting dominant ideology. Ideological absences: absences occur because awkward truths and realities are inevitably “overlooked” by the dominant ideology * Saving Private Ryan The ideology of the film: 1) Americans put great value on individual life; 2) the 2nd World War was won by America. The film is ideologically contradictory because the high value placed on individual life is essentially a high value placed on American life; even in the film, the lives of others are seen as insignificant and exp